Electrostatic
Potential and Electrostatic Force
We
want to understand the electrostatic forces between charges. We really don't know WHY there is a force between charged particles, but we can understand, with the help of the Klein-Gordon equation, how an electrostatic potential can change the motion of a charged particle. For reasons that will become evident later, I am choosing to work with the electrostatic potential instead of an electric field.
We will start with the simplest possible
case, just two stationary charges. One
we call the source charge, q_s ,
and the other the test charge, q_t . We will calculate the force on the test
charge due to the potential field around the source charge. The most fundamental interaction between
these charges is based on the electrostatic potential. The test charge will respond to the gradient
of the potential due to the source charge.
This potential is a function of the separation between the charges:
Because the electromagnetic interaction propagates at the speed of
light, the distance r is between the
test charge at time “now” and the source charge at a retarded time delta_t in the past. This distance is also c*delta_t and so the potential could also
be expressed as:
We will come back to this form much later, but for a while we will only consider the r version of this potential function.
The force on the test charge causes an acceleration of the charge. This is what we mean by force: something that causes acceleration. It is well known that the electrostatic force here is the gradient of this potential. We will derive this from first principles, however, starting with the version of the Klein-Gordon equation derived earlier:
The force on the test charge causes an acceleration of the charge. This is what we mean by force: something that causes acceleration. It is well known that the electrostatic force here is the gradient of this potential. We will derive this from first principles, however, starting with the version of the Klein-Gordon equation derived earlier:
Consider
first a particle at rest, i.e. with k
= 0. It has charge qt but is in a location far
from any source charge, and thus is at zero electrostatic potential. The Klein-Gordon equation then gives:
Now consider what happens when the observer moves this particle close to another charge, qs. To make this move the observer has to do some work on the test charge. As a result the particle now represents a higher (or lower) energy. This means the h_bar omega term is now larger than it was previously. We are going to make the assumption that somehow the Klein-Gordon equation must continue to be satisfied. To do this we can subtract the electrostatic potential from the particle total energy:
If this particle had been allowed to fall freely to this position (assuming the potential energy at this location
Based
on this conceptual understanding, we can now calculate the electric force on
the particle. Consider the particle to
be at rest at some location with potential phi . We will assume that the potential varies over
space and time. First we solve for the total energy:
Now
we do a Taylor expansion of the potential, and just keep the first terms in delta_t and delta_r .
Thus
we see that the gradient of the potential results in a momentum term that is
increasing with time, i.e. an acceleration.
The rate of change of the potential gives a frequency(energy) that
changes with time.
The “force” is the rate of change of momentum:
The Lagrangian
(This section deleted! The original statements here were not well thought out and incorrect. I need to revisit how the Lagrangian is related to this derivation.)
The Lagrangian
(This section deleted! The original statements here were not well thought out and incorrect. I need to revisit how the Lagrangian is related to this derivation.)
Schrödinger’s
Equation
We are now ready to derive Schrödinger’s Equation as a non-relativistic approximation. We start with the Klein-Gordon Equation with the electrostatic potential:
Now we make the non-relativistic approximation that the second term in the
radical is <<1 (i.e. that h_bar kc is
small compared to m_0 c^2 ) and expand the radical in a Taylor
Series about k=0:
Also this equation has the extra rest mass energy term. Since this is a constant, it has no effect on the dynamics predicted, just like a constant potential does not affect the dynamics.
Finally we must also recognize that this is a scalar wave equation. So far we haven't addressed spin at all, nor the possibility that the wave function might sometimes be a vector, tensor or more complex thing. We have made no assumptions about what the wave function is at all yet, except that it shows a frequency and wave number that we recognize as the total energy and momentum.
Whenever I read Your Post Allways got Something New
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